Social Psychological Perspectives on Adult Attachment: Theory, Research, and Current Controversies PSCH 593 – CRN 41665 - Graduate Seminar in Social and Personality Psychology Spring 2017 Instructor: R. Chris Fraley Location & Time: Tuesdays, 2:00 p.m. - 4:50 p.m., Room 508 Psychology Building Overview and Course Objectives Over the last three decades, attachment theory has emerged as one of the leading frameworks for the study of close relationships, personality processes, and social and emotional development. The theory has gained in popularity largely because it addresses a wide range of issues of interest to psychologists, including the evolution and development of close relationships; the defensive regulation of thought, feeling, and action; the role of mental representations in interpersonal behavior; and the processes underlying mental health. Moreover, the theory is intellectually compelling because it draws upon data and insights from a range of perspectives, including developmental, social, personality, cybernetic, evolutionary, and psychoanalytic. The objective of this seminar is to review theory and research on adult attachment and to discuss contemporary issues and debates in the field. Course Structure Each week we will read and discuss two to three articles. One to three members of the class will be asked to facilitate the discussion and each of those members will also be asked to select one unique paper that have been published within the last two years and summarize it for the class. Early in the semester I will spend approximately 30 to 60 minutes providing introductory overviews and lectures. Once you have learned the basics of the theory, I will allow the class to take on more of a discussion-oriented structure. Grading and Assignments I will email you the readings each week. Before class, you will need to submit a brief written summary of your reactions to that week's readings. You should submit your reactions via e-mail to rcfraley before noon Tuesdays. Simply reply to my weekly email to send your reaction; that will help ensure the email is filtered properly and doesn't end up in a spam folder. Your reactions should focus on insights, criticisms, and questions regarding the readings. Although I encourage you to raise any questions you may have about the readings during class (e.g., "What does the author mean by X?"), I'd prefer that you limit your written responses to questions that are likely to generate discussion (e.g., "What are the implications of Idea X for Y?" and "Doesn't this seem incompatible with Z?") rather than questions that are more in the trivia domain (e.g., Has anyone looked at the relation between attachment style and attitudes towards beach volleyball?). A simple litmus test: If you can imagine doing a simple Google search to get the answer, don't submit the question as fodder for discussion. Your reactions will be graded with respect to three factors: (a) whether your reaction was submitted on time, (b) the quality of your writing (i.e., clarity, grammar, coherence), and (c) the quality of your ideas (i.e., do they reflect a careful reading and consideration of the issues? do they have the potential to generate productive discussion?). There will not be an exam or a final paper; your course grade will reflect the quality of your reaction papers and your class participation. I will grade the reactions rigourously; please do not take them lightly. After the first few weeks, one or two students will be assigned to guide the discussion for each meeting. Discussion leaders will be asked to spend approximately 10 minutes summarizing the readings to ensure that everyone is on the same page and generating and leading a discussion. Discussion leaders may be asked to read an additional one or two articles on the topic at hand to supplement the discussion. Readings Optional texts for those seeking a summary of the area: Gillath, O., Karantzas, G., & Fraley, R. C. (2016). Adult Attachment: A Concise Guide to Theory and Research. New York: Academic Press. Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2016). Attachment in adulthood: Structure, dynamics, and change. New York: Guilford Press. Please note that the reading list will be updated online as the semester progresses. In the meantime, some of these entries will serve as placeholders from a previous section of this course I taught a two years ago. I will make the readings available each week via e-mail rather than creating and releasing a packet at the start of the semester. Background and History Week 1 Introduction and Overview Attachment theory as a "grand theory" in social, personality, and developmental psychology Week 2 Bowlby's ethological attachment theory: Fundamental principles and concepts Required Ainsworth, M. D. S., Blehar, M. C., Waters, E. & Wall, S. (1978). Patterns of attachment. A psychological study of the strange situation. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. [Chapter 1]. Bowlby, J. (1969/1982). Attachment and loss: Vol. 1. Attachment. New York: Basic Books. [chapters 1 - 3] Supplemental Bretherton, I. (1992). The origins of attachment theory: John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth. Developmental Psychology, 28, 759-775. Week 3 Attachment in infancy and early childhood Required Colin, V. L. (1996). Human attachment. New York: McGraw Hill. [Chapter 3: Research Methods for Infancy] Weinfield, N. S., Sroufe, L. A., Egeland, B., Carlson, E. A. (2008). Individual differences in infant-caregiver attachment: Conceptual and empirical aspects of security. In J. Cassidy & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of Attachment: Theory, Research, and Clinical Applications (2nd Ed.) (pp. 78-101). New York: Guilford. The Theory of Adult Attachment Week 4 Theoretical foundations Required Hazan, C., & Shaver, P. R. (1987). Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 511-524. Hazan, C., and Shaver, P.R. (1994). Attachment as an organizational framework for research on close relationships. Psychological Inquiry, 5, 1-22. Supplemental Shaver, P. R., & Hazan, C. (1988). A biased overview of the study of love. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 5, 473-501. Shaver, P. R., Hazan, C., & Bradshaw, D. (1988). Love as attachment: The integration of three behavioral systems. In R. J. Sternberg & M. Barnes (Eds.), The psychology of love (pp. 68-99). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. Simpson, J. A., & Rholes, W. S. (1998). Attachment in adulthood. In J. A. Simpson & W. S. Rholes (Eds.), Attachment theory and close relationships (pp. 3-21). New York: Guilford. [pages 3 - 12] Week 5 Models of individual differences in attachment organization: Alternative conceptualizations and assessment methods Required Gillath, O., Karantzas, G., & Fraley, R. C. (2016). Adult Attachment: A Concise Guide to Theory and Research. New York: Academic Press. (Chapter 5: Measurement) Fraley, R. C., Hudson, N. W., Heffernan, M. E., & Segal, N. (2015). Are adult attachment styles categorical or dimensional? A taxometric analysis of general and relationship-specific attachment orientations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 109, 354-368. Bartholomew, K., & Howrowitz, L. (1991). Attachment styles among young adults: A test of the four-category model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 226-245. Roisman, G.I., Holland, A., Fortuna, K., Fraley, R.C., Clausell, E., & Clarke, A. (2007). The Adult Attachment Interview and self-reports of attachment style: An empirical rapprochement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92, 678-697. Basic Processes and Empirical Advances Week 6 Internal working models: Structure and process Required Collins, N. L., Guichard, A. C., Ford, M. B., & Feeney, B. C. (2004). Working models of attachment: New developments and emerging themes. In W. S. Rholes & J. A. Simpson (Eds.), Adult Attachment: Theory, Research, and Clinical Implications (pp. 196-239). New York: Guilford. Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2015). The psychological effects of the contextual activation of security-enhancing mental representations in adulthood. Current Opinion in Psychology, 1, 18-21. Student-Specific Assignments Tianjun Sibley, C. G., & Overall, N. C. (2008). Modeling the hierarchical structure of attachment representations: A test of domain differentiation. Personality and Individual Differences, 44, 238-249. Cici Bosmans, G., Bowles, D. P., Dewitte, M., De Winter, S., & Braet, C. (2014). An experimental evaluation of the State Adult Attachment Measure: The influence of attachment primes on the content of state attachment representations. Journal of Experimental Psychopathology, 5(2), 134-150. Alyssa Waters, H. S., & Waters, E. (2006). The attachment working model concept: Among other things, we build script-like representations of secure base experiences. Attachment & Human Development, 8, 185–197. Supplemental Baldwin, M. W., Keelan, J. P. R., Fehr, B., Enns, V., & Koh- Rangarajoo, E. (1996). Social cognitive conceptualization of attachment working models: Availability and accessibility effects. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 94-104. Mikulincer, M., & Horesh, N. (1999). Adult attachment style and the perception of others: The role of projective mechanisms. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 1022-1034. Dewitte, M., De Houwer, J., & Buysse, A. (2008). On the role of the implicit self-concept in adult attachment. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 24, 282-289. Mikulincer, M., Gillath, O., & Shaver, P. R. (2002). Activation of the attachment system in adulthood: Threat-related primes increase the accessibility of mental representations of attachment figures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 881-895. Week 7 Stability and Change in Attachment Patterns Required Baldwin, M. W., & Fehr, B. (1995). On the instability of attachment style ratings. Personal Relationships, 2, 247-261. Gillath, O., Karantzas, G., & Fraley, R. C. (2016). Adult Attachment: A Concise Guide to Theory and Research. New York: Academic Press. [Chapter 6] Davila, J., & Sargent, E. (2003). The meaning of life (events) predicts change in attachment security. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29, 1383-1395. Student-Specific Assignments Jia Hudson, N. W., Fraley, R. C., Chopik, W. J., & Heffernan, M. E. (2016). Not all attachment relationships change alike: Normative cross-sectional age trajectories in attachment to romantic partners, best friends, and parents across the lifespan. Journal of Research in Personality, 59, 44-55. Mona Fraley, R. C., Vicary, A. M., Brumbaugh, C. C., & Roisman, G. I. (2011). Patterns of stability in adult attachment: An empirical test of two models of continuity and change. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101, 974-992. Week 8 Genetic and Interpersonal Contributions to Adult Attachment Required Verhage, M. L., Schuengel, C., Madigan, S., Fearon, R. M. P., Oosterman, M., Cassibba, R., Bakermans-Kranenburg, & van IJzendoorn, M. H. (2016). Narrowing the transmission gap: A synthesis of three decades of research on intergenerational transmission of attachment. Psychological Bulletin, 142, 337-366. Barbaro, N., Boutwell, B. B., Barnes, J. C., & Shackelford, T. K. (2017). Rethinking the transmission gap: What behavioral genetics and evolutionary psychology mean for attachment theory: A comment on Verhage et al. (2016). Psychological Bulletin, 143, 107-113. Verhage, M. L., Schuengel, C., Madigan, S., Fearon, R. M. P., Oosterman, M., Cassibba, R., Bakermans-Kranenburg, & van IJzendoorn, M. H. (2017). Failing the duck test: Reply to Barbaro, Boutwell, Barnes, and Shackelford (2017). Psychological Bulletin, 143, 114-116. Student-Specific Assignments Lexi Gillath, O., Shaver, P. R., Baek, J. M., & Chun, S. D. (2008). Genetic correlates of adult attachment style. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34, 1396-1405. Faaiza Fraley, R. C., Roisman, G. I., Booth-LaForce, C., Owen, M. T., & Holland, A. S. (2013). Interpersonal and genetic origins of adult attachment styles: A longitudinal study from infancy to early adulthood. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 104, 8817-838. Bo Donnellan, M. B., Burt, S. A., Levendosky, A. & Klump, K. (2008). Genes, personality, and attachment in adults: A multivariate behavioral genetic analysis. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34, 3-16. Supplemental Simpson, J. A., Collins, W. A., Tran, S., & Haydon, K. C. (2007). Attachment and the experience and expression of emotions in adult romantic relationships: A developmental perspective. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92, 355-367. Englund, M., Kuo, S., Puig, J., & Collins, W. A. (2011). Early roots of adult competence: The significance of close relationships from infancy to adulthood. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 35, 490-496. Zayas, V., Mischel, W., Shoda, Y., & Aber, J. L. (2011). Roots of adult attachment: Maternal caregiving at 18 months predicts adult attachment to peers and partners. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 2, 289-297. Dinero, R. E., Conger, R. D., Shaver, P. R., Widaman, K. F., & Larsen-Rife, D. (2011). Influence of family of origin and adult romantic partners on romantic attachment security. Couple and Family Psychology: Research and Practice, 1, 16-30. Week 9 Spring Break Week 10 Attachment in Romantic Relationships: Attraction, Conflict, Communication, and Relationship Maintenance Required Feeney, J. A. (2008). Adult romantic attachment: Developments in the study of couple relationships. In J. Cassidy & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of Attachment: Theory, Research, and Clinical Applications (2nd Ed.) (pp. 456-481). New York: Guilford. Pepping, C. A., Taylor, R., Koh, K., & Halford, W. K. (2017). Attachment, culture and initial romantic attraction: A speed-dating study. Personality and Individual Differences, 108, 79-85. Student-Specific Assignments Jaci Winterheld, H. A., Simpson, J. A., & Oriña, M. M. (2013). It's In the Way That You Use It: Attachment and the Dyadic Nature of Humor During Conflict Negotiation in Romantic Couples. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 39(4), 496-508. Nikki Birnie, C., Joy McClure, M., Lydon, J. E., & Holmberg, D. (2009). Attachment avoidance and commitment aversion: A script for relationship failure. Personal Relationships, 16(1), 79-97. Aaron Spielmann, S. S., Maxwell, J. A., MacDonald, G., & Baratta, P. L. (2013). Don't get your hopes up: Avoidantly attached individuals perceive lower social reward when there is potential for intimacy. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 39(2), 219-236. Week 11 Attachment and Sex in Interpersonal Relationships Required Diamond, L. M. (2003). What does sexual orientation orient? A biobehavioral model distinguishing romantic love and sexual desire. Psychological Review, 110, 173-192. Birnbaum, G. E. (2015). Like a Horse and Carriage? The dynamic interplay of attachment and sexuality during relationship development. European Psychologist, 20, 265-274. Student-Specific Assignments Kallie Mizrahi, M., Hirschberger, G., Mikulincer, M., Szepsenwol, O., & Birnbaum, G. E. (2016). Reassuring sex: Can sexual desire and intimacy reduce relationship‐specific attachment insecurities?. European Journal of Social Psychology. Jia Davis, D., Shaver, P. R., & Vernon, M. L. (2004). Attachment style and subjective motivations for sex. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30, 1076-1090. Week 12 Evolution and Attachment: Normative Processes and Individual Differences Required Kirkpatrick, L. A. (1998). Evolution, pair-bonding, and reproductive strategies: A reconceptualization of adult attachment. In J. A. Simpson & W. S. Rholes (Eds.), Attachment theory and close relationships (pp. 353-393). New York: Guilford. Ein-Dor, T., Mikulincer, M., Doron, G., Shaver, P. R. (2010). The attachment paradox: How can so many of us (the insecure ones) have no adaptive advantages? Perspectives on Psychological Science, 5, 123-141. Fraley, R. C., Brumbaugh, C. C., & Marks, M. J. (2005). The evolution and function of adult attachment: A comparative and phylogenetic analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89, 731-746. Student-Specific Assignments Faaiza Eastwick, P. W. & Finkel, E. J. (2012). The evolutionary armistice: Attachment bonds moderate the function of ovulatory cycle adaptations. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 38, 174-184. Alyssa Schmitt, D. P., & Jonason, P. K. (2015). Attachment and sexual permissiveness: Exploring differential associations across sexes Week 13 Attachment in the Workplace: Attachment, Leadership, and Organizational behavior Required Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P.R. (2016). Attachment in Adulthood: Structures, Dynamics, and Change (Chapter 15: Applications of Attachment Theory and Research in Group and Organizational Settings). New York: Guilford. Harms, P. D., Bai, Y., & Han, G. H. (2016). How leader and follower attachment styles are mediated by trust. Human Relations, 69(9), 1853-1876. Student-Specific Assignments Kallie Richards, D. A., & Schat, A. C. H. (2011). Attachment at (not to) work: Applying attachment theory to explain individual behavior in organizations. Journal of Applied Psychology, 96(1), 169-182. Lexi Ronen, S., & Zuroff, D. C. (2017). How does secure attachment affect job performance and job promotion? The role of social-rank behaviors. Journal of Vocational Behavior. Week 13 Attachment and Psychopathology; Clinical Implications of Attachment Required Gillath, O., Karantzas, G., & Fraley, R. C. (2016). Adult Attachment: A Concise Guide to Theory and Research. New York: Academic Press. (Chapter 11: Psychopathology and Treatment) Student-Specific Assignments Faaiza Bernecker, S. L., Constantino, M. J., Atkinson, L. R., Bagby, R. M., Ravitz, P., & McBride, C. (2016). Attachment style as a moderating influence on the efficacy of cognitive-behavioral and interpersonal psychotherapy for depression: A failure to replicate. Psychotherapy, 53(1), 22. Alyssa Mallinckrodt, B., & Jeong, J. (2015). Meta-analysis of client attachment to therapist: Associations with working alliance and client pretherapy attachment. Week 15 Attachment and Marketing Week 7 General and specific representations of attachment Required Klohnen, E. C., Weller, J. A., Luo, S., & Choe, M. (2005). Organization and predictive power of general and relationship-specific attachment models: One for all, and all for one? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31, 1665-1682. Cozzarelli, C., Hoekstra, S. J., & Bylsma, W. H. (2000). General versus specific mental models of attachment: Are they associated with different outcomes? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26, 605-618. Supplemental Sibley, C. G., & Overall, N. C. (2008). Modeling the hierarchical structure of attachment representations: A test of domain differentiation. Personality and Individual Differences, 44, 238-249. Fraley, R. C. (2007). A connectionist approach to the organization and continuity of working models of attachment. Journal of Personality, 75, 1157-1180. Pierce, T. & Lydon, J. (2001). Global and specific relational models in the experience of social interactions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80, 613-631. Fraley, R. C., Heffernan, M. E., Vicary, A. M., & Brumbaugh, C. C. (2011). The Experiences in Close Relationships-Relationship Structures questionnaire: A method for assessing attachment orientations across relationships. Psychological Assessment, 23, 615-625. Week 8 Attachment Dynamics and Romantic Attraction Required Holmes, B. M., & Johnson, K. R. (2009). Adult attachment and romantic partner preference: A review. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 26, 33-52. Eastwick, P. W. & Finkel, E. J. (2008). The attachment system in fledgling relationships: An activating role for attachment anxiety. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95, 628-647. Supplemental Brumbaugh, C. C., & Fraley, R. C. (2010). Adult attachment and dating strategies: How do insecure people attract mates? Personal Relationships, 17, 599-614. Overall, N.C., & Sibley, C.G. (2008). Attachment and attraction toward romantic partners versus relevant alternatives within daily interactions. Personality and Individual Differences, 44, 1126-1137. Week 9 Attachment Processes in Established Relationships Required Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2007). Attachment in adulthood: Structure, dynamics, and change. New York: Guilford Press. Chapter 10: Attachment processes and couple functioning. Supplemental Butner, J., Diamond, L., & Hicks, A. (2007). Attachment style and two forms of emotion co-regulation between romantic partners. Personal Relationships, 14, 431-455. Henderson, A. J. Z., Bartholomew, K., Trinke, S., & Kwong, M. J. (2005). When loving means hurting: An exploration of attachment and intimate abuse in a community sample. Journal of Family Violence, 20, 219-230. Week 10 Stability and change in attachment patterns Required Davila, J., & Sargent, E. (2003). The meaning of life (events) predicts change in attachment security. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29, 1383-1395. Baldwin, M. W., & Fehr, B. (1995). On the instability of attachment style ratings. Personal Relationships, 2, 247-261. Fraley, R. C., & Brumbaugh, C. C. (2004). A dynamical systems approach to understanding stability and change in attachment security. In W. S. Rholes & J. A. Simpson (Eds.), Adult attachment : Theory, research, and clinical implications (pp. 86-132). New York: Guilford Press. Supplemental Davila, J., Burge, D., & Hammen, C. (1997). Why does attachment style change? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 826-838. Davila, J., & Cobb, R. (2003). Predicting change in self-reported and interviewer-assessed adult attachment: Tests of the individual difference and life stress models of attachment change. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29, 859-870. Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2007). Attachment in adulthood: Structure, dynamics, and change. New York: Guilford Press. [Chapter 5: pp. 116-120 and 135-146.] Week 11 Genetic and Interpersonal Contributions to Adult Attachment and Relationship Functioning Required Donnellan, M. B., Burt, S. A., Levendosky, A. & Klump, K. (2008). Genes, personality, and attachment in adults: A multivariate behavioral genetic analysis. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34, 3-16. Simpson, J. A., Collins, W. A., Tran, S., & Haydon, K. C. (2007). Attachment and the experience and expression of emotions in adult romantic relationships: A developmental perspective. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92, 355-367. Fraley, R. C., Roisman, G. I., Booth-LaForce, C., Owen, M. T., & Holland, A. S. (2013). Interpersonal and genetic origins of adult attachment styles: A longitudinal study from infancy to early adulthood. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 104, 8817-838. Supplemental Gillath, O., Shaver, P. R., Baek, J. M., & Chun, S. D. (2008). Genetic correlates of adult attachment style. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34, 1396-1405. Englund, M., Kuo, S., Puig, J., & Collins, W. A. (2011). Early roots of adult competence: The significance of close relationships from infancy to adulthood. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 35, 490-496. Zayas, V., Mischel, W., Shoda, Y., & Aber, J. L. (2011). Roots of adult attachment: Maternal caregiving at 18 months predicts adult attachment to peers and partners. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 2, 289-297. Dinero, R. E., Conger, R. D., Shaver, P. R., Widaman, K. F., & Larsen-Rife, D. (2011). Influence of family of origin and adult romantic partners on romantic attachment security. Couple and Family Psychology: Research and Practice, 1, 16-30. Week 12 Psychological defense and hyperactivating and deactivating strategies Required Shaver, P. R., & Mikulincer, M. (2005). Attachment theory and research: Resurrection of the psychodynamic approach to personality. Journal of Research in Personality, 39, 22-45. Mikulincer, M., Dolev, T., & Shaver, P. R. (2004). Attachment-related strategies during thought-suppression: Ironic rebounds and vulnerable self-representations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87, 940-956. Fraley, R. C., Niedenthal, P. M., Marks, M. J., Brumbaugh, C. C., & Vicary, A. (2006). Adult attachment and the perception of emotional expressions: Probing the hyperactivating strategies underlying anxious attachment. Journal of Personality, 74, 1163-1190. Supplemental Edelstein, R. S., & Gillath, O. (2008). Avoiding interference: Adult attachment and emotional processing biases. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34, 171-181. Ein-Dor, T., Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2011). Attachment insecurities and the processing of threat-related information: Studying the schemas involved in insecure people's coping strategies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101, 78-93. Week 13 Evolution and Attachment: Normative Processes and Individual Differences Required Kirkpatrick, L. A. (1998). Evolution, pair-bonding, and reproductive strategies: A reconceptualization of adult attachment. In J. A. Simpson & W. S. Rholes (Eds.), Attachment theory and close relationships (pp. 353-393). New York: Guilford. Del Giudice, M. (2009). Sex, attachment, and the development of reproductive strategies. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 32, 1-21 Supplemental Eastwick, P. W. & Finkel, E. J. (2012). The evolutionary armistice: Attachment bonds moderate the function of ovulatory cycle adaptations. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 38, 174-184.. Ein-Dor, T., Mikulincer, M., Doron, G., Shaver, P. R. (2010). The attachment paradox: How can so many of us (the insecure ones) have no adaptive advantages? Perspectives on Psychological Science, 5, 123-141. Fraley, R. C., Brumbaugh, C. C., & Marks, M. J. (2005). The evolution and function of adult attachment: A comparative and phylogenetic analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89, 731-746. Week 14 Attachment and Organizational Behavior Required Harms, P. D. (2011). Adult attachment styles in the workplace. Human Resource Management Review, 21, 285-296. Supplemental Simmons, B., Gooty, J., Nelson, D., & Little, L. (2009). Secure attachment: Implications for hope, trust, burnout, and performance. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 30, 233-247. Davidovitz, R., Mikulincer, M., Shaver, P., Izsak, R., & Popper, M. (2007). Leaders as attachment figures: Leaders' attachment orientations predict leadership-related mental representations and followers' performance and mental health. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93, 632-650. Desivilya, H., Sabag, Y., & Ashton, E. (2006). Prosocial tendencies in organizations: The role of attachment styles and organizational justice in shaping organizational citizenship behavior. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 14, 22-42. Week 15 Attachment and Psychotherapy, Psychopathology, and Adjustment Required Mallinckrodt, B. (2010). The psychotherapy relationship as attachment: Evidence and implications. Journal of Personal and Social Relationships, 27, 262-270. Gillath, O., Selcuk, E., & Shaver, P. R. (2008). Moving toward a secure attachment style: Can repeated security priming help? Social and Personality Psychology Compass 2/4, 1651-1666. Supplemental Carnelley, K. B., & Rowe, A. C. (2010). Priming a sense of security: What goes through people’s minds? Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 27, 253-261. Mickelson, K. D., Kessler, R. C., & Shaver, P. R. (1997). Adult attachment in a nationally representative sample. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 1092-1106.